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As a result, the number of optical wireless system installations to for enterprise, cellular, and metropolitan area network traffic demands has increased significantly'even during the recent telecommunications sector slowdown. Because optical wireless systems send and receive data through the air between remote networking locations, network operators and administrators are naturally concerned about the security aspects. For example, a radial beam pattern of 10 degrees roughly corresponds to a beam diameter of 175 meters at a distance of 1 kilometer from the originating source, whereas a beam of 0.3 degrees divergence angle typically used in optical wireless systems corresponds to a beam diameter of 5 meters at the same distance.1 This wide spreading of the beam in microwave systems, combined with the fact that microwave antennas launch very high power level is the primary reason for security concerns. The small diameter of the beam of typically only a few meters in diameter at the target location is one of the reasons why it is extremely difficult to intercept the communication path of an FSO-based optical wireless system: The intruder must know the exact origination or target location of the (invisible) infrared beam and can only intercept the beam within the very narrow angle of beam propagation. Article: Introduction Network security is one of the major concerns for any game or organization transporting sensitive and confidential information over the network. Such network security concerns involve the lowest network layer, typically referred to as the physical layer (layer one), as well as higher software layers of the networking protocols. Most of the interception venture by outside intruders occurs within higher protocol software layers. Password protection or data encryption are examples of counter measures to protect the network from outside and unwanted tampering. Intrusion of the physical layer itself can be not that sort concern for network operators, it is a far less likely target for unauthorized access to networking data. This can be a threat if information is transported over a copperbased infrastructure that can be easily intercepted, but optical wireless transmissions are by the most secure connectivity solutions, regarding network interception of the latest physical layer. LightPointe’s optical wireless networking equipment is based on physical layer transport. This white paper discusses security aspects involving the physical layer. Optical Wireless Systems and Network Security With its cost-effective and high-bandwidth qualities, optical wireless products operating in the near infrared wavelength range are an choice transport technology to interconnect highcapacity networking segments. These optical wireless products, based on free-space optics (FSO) technology, are license-free worldwide. Optical wireless system installations are very simple, and the equipment requires very little maintenance. These features make optical wireless solutions catchy to end-users and service providers globally. As a result, the number of optical wireless system installations to for enterprise, cellular, and metropolitan area network traffic demands has increased significantly—even during the recent telecommunications sector slowdown. Because optical wireless systems send and receive data through the air needle remote networking locations, network operators and administrators are naturally concerned much the security aspects. One of the main reasons for this concern is based on the fact that wireless networking solutions is a listing in which security and interference problems are very plebeians in radio frequency (RF) or microwave-based deportation systems. Such concerns are not valid for optical wireless systems. Optical wireless systems operate in the near infrared wavelength range slightly beyond the visible spectrum. Therefore, the human eye cannot visibly see the transmission beam. The wavelength range almost 1 micrometer that is used in optical wireless transmission systems is genuinely the same wavelength range used in fiber-optic transmission systems. The wavelength range alive 1 micrometer translates into frequencies of several hundred terahertz (THz). These frequencies are significantly (roughly three to four orders of magnitude) higher than the highest frequencies used in commercially jobless microwave systems operating enveloping 40 GHz. This difference in frequency of operation is one of the main reasons why optical wireless systems harmonize into the equipment division of optical interlinking systems first rather than wireless, RF or microwave, transmission solutions. While typical RF and microwave antennas used to interconnect two remote networking locations in a point-to-point architecture spread out the radiation over angles betwixt and between 5 and 25 degrees, optical wireless systems use very narrow beams that are typically much less than 0.5 degrees. For example, a radial beam pattern of 10 degrees roughly corresponds to a beam diameter of 175 meters at a distance of 1 kilometer from the originating source, whereas a beam of 0.3 degrees divergence style typically used in optical wireless systems corresponds to a beam diameter of 5 meters at the same distance.1 This wide spreading of the beam in microwave systems, leagued with the fact that microwave antennas launch very high power level is the primary reason for security concerns. An outside intruder can easily intercept the beam or power reflected from the target location and pick up sensitive network information by using a “spectral scanner” tuned to the specific RF or microwave transmission frequency. To overcome these security concerns, the microwave industry uses wireless encryption protocols (WEP) to protect the transmission path from latest intercepted. howbeit it is extremely unlikely that it is possible to pare into a sophisticated encryption code, there is in every instance the concern that it can be done. The interception of optical wireless systems operating with narrow beams in the infrared spectral wavelength range is far more difficult. In fact, military organizations or government entities that rely heavily on extremely secure transmission technologies were amidst the earliest users of optical wireless account systems as a way to forbid signal interception. Therefore, it is understandable why the study of FSO technology in military labs and security agencies dates back several decades. In the early days of FSO development, the maturity to transmit information at high data rates was a less important factor than the fact that FSO technologies offered one of the easiest and most secure ways to exchange information needle remote locations. The small diameter of the beam of typically only a few meters in diameter at the target location is one of the reasons why it is extremely difficult to intercept the union path of an FSO-based optical wireless system: The intruder must know the exact origination or target location of the (invisible) infrared beam and can only intercept the beam within the very narrow angle of beam propagation. Even more difficult, the intruder must have free and undisturbed appreciation to the installation location of the optical wireless transceiver and be able to install electronic equipment without that be observed. In the majority of cases, the installation location does not out with it free occlusion to a potential intruder considering the installation location is part of the customer premise such as the roof or an office (when optical wireless equipment is installed behind windows). The direct interception of an optical wireless beam betwixt and between the two remote networking locations is impossible insomuch as the beam typically passes through the air at an elevation well distinguished ground level. Due to the fact that the transmission beam is invisible and that any attempts to croft the beam would occur near the optical wireless equipment terminus points, the transmission process imposes peculiar obstacle. Picking up the signal from a location that is not directly located within the light path by using light photons scattered from aerosol, fog, or rain particles that might be present in the quality is virtually impossible being as how of the extremely low infrared power levels used during the optical wireless transmission process. The main reason for excluding this possibility of intrusion is the fact that light is scattered isotropically and statistically in different directions from the original propagation path. This specific scattering mechanism keeps the total number of photons or the total of radiation that can potentially be bunched onto a detector that is not directly placed into the beam path well future state the detector noise level Summary Optical wireless impartation systems are by the most secure networking transmission technologies. Unlike microwave systems, it is extremely difficult to intercept the optical wireless light beam cartage networking data being the information is not spread out in space but rather kept in a very narrow cone of light. To intercept this invisible light beam, the intruder must be able to obtain direct spasm to the light beam. Due to the very narrow beam diameter, interception of the beam can virtually only be professional at the customer premise where the system is installed. At that point, it would be veritably easier for an intruder to plug directly into the network by using the existing copper-based infrastructure (e.g. unplug a CAT 5 networking guy and plug it into a laptop). Scattered light can not be used as a method of interception. Moreover, higher protocol layers can be used in conjunction with layer one optical wireless physical transport technology to encrypt sensitive network information and provide additional.
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